PyTorch vs TensorFlow: A Framework Comparison for AI Learners
Page Last Updated: June 2025
If you want to explore artificial intelligence and build a machine learning or deep learning model, you’ll need to decide which framework to use. PyTorch and TensorFlow are two of the most popular options. This article explores the pros and cons of PyTorch vs TensorFlow and addresses some of the key considerations when choosing a framework.
What Is TensorFlow?
TensorFlow is a mature machine learning (ML) framework released under the Apache License 2.0 in 2015. The framework quickly became popular because it can run on single devices, enabling developers to build machine learning models without expensive hardware.
Google released TensorFlow 2.0 in 2019, making it more user-friendly by integrating Keras, a neural network API, as the default high-level API, streamlining the Python interface, and enabling eager execution by default.
The framework is used for a variety of purposes, including:
- Image and text classification
- Regression models
- Natural language processing
TensorFlow has a vast ecosystem and good community support. There are many libraries available for the framework, including:
- TensorFlow.js to train and run models directly in your web browser
- TensorFlow Lite for deploying models on mobile and edge computing devices
- TFX for the creation of production ML pipelines
- tf.data to preprocess data and create an input pipeline
Future updates to TensorFlow are expected to include enhanced features for reinforcement learning and improved scalability. TensorFlow 2 is already a popular choice for companies seeking a production-ready machine learning framework, and these upgrades will further strengthen its position.
Tools like TFX, which help build end-to-end ML pipelines, and tf.data, which simplifies input preprocessing for large datasets, make TensorFlow especially powerful in real-world applications. Including these tools in your workflow can streamline development and improve model performance in production environments.
Udemy’s TensorFlow 2: Deep Learning and Artificial Intelligence course provides an overview of its key tools and features and includes practical projects to help learners grasp the framework while building a portfolio.
What Is PyTorch?
PyTorch is a machine learning framework that leverages the core concepts and functionality of the original Torch library but is implemented with a focus on Python.
It was developed by Meta AI and quickly became the preferred machine learning framework for academics, thanks to its ease of use and powerful dynamic computation features.
The framework supports GPU acceleration via NVIDIA’s CUDA platform, enabling significantly faster model training on compatible hardware. However, out-of-the-box support is limited to NVIDIA GPUs, not AMD. PyTorch runs well on consumer hardware, making it accessible to hobbyists, researchers, and businesses alike.
Like TensorFlow, PyTorch has a large community backing it. Meta has continued to develop the framework and receives contributions from researchers and industry professionals looking to expand its capabilities and toolchain.
As you’d expect for a modern framework, PyTorch is continuously evolving, and future releases will likely improve how the framework integrates with cloud and edge computing platforms. PyTorch already supports advanced distributed training through tools like torch.distributed and torchrun, and continues to improve integration with cloud and edge platforms. Ongoing enhancements in computer vision and natural language processing tools further lower the barrier to entry for an already user-friendly framework.
PyTorch has evolved into a flexible, production-ready framework supported by a growing suite of libraries that streamline common machine learning workflows. These tools help accelerate everything from data preprocessing and model training to deployment, making it easier to move from experimentation to real-world applications. Key components include:
- torchvision – Utilities and pre-trained models for computer vision tasks like image classification and object detection.
- torchaudio – Tools for processing and analyzing audio data, useful in speech and sound recognition.
- torchtext – A set of utilities and datasets tailored for natural language processing.
- TorchServe – A production-ready model serving solution for deploying PyTorch models at scale.
- PyTorch Lightning – A lightweight training framework that reduces boilerplate and enables scalable, reproducible model development.
This broader toolchain makes PyTorch well-suited for both academic research and real-world engineering, with strong community contributions continuing to expand its capabilities.
We offer several courses focused on PyTorch, and our Take a Deep Dive With PyTorch for Deep Learning bootcamp covers the core skills required to build neural networks and machine learning models.
TensorFlow vs PyTorch for Beginners
PyTorch is often the preferred platform for beginners.Its Pythonic design and relatively gentle learning curve make PyTorch more approachable for those with some Python experience, even if they don’t have a formal computer science background.
Since many people who aren’t computer science graduates have had some exposure to Python, they’ll likely find the syntax familiar and be able to start experimenting with the framework quickly.
TensorFlow has a steeper learning curve because of its less familiar syntax. Since TensorFlow 2.0, Keras has been integrated as its default high-level API, the framework is significantly more accessible to beginners. The framework’s maturity means it has extensive documentation and a strong community of developers who can assist newcomers.
Those new to AI and machine learning may find starting with a general course covering deep learning prerequisites and data science helpful. Once you have an understanding of AI models and data science, you can choose the framework that’s best suited to your project.
Tools like Google Colab and Kaggle Notebooks offer free, cloud-based environments where you can start experimenting with both Pytorch and TensorFlow, no local setup required.
Expert Insights with Frank Kane (CEO of Sundog Education, Former Sr. Manager at Amazon)
Q: From a beginner’s perspective, what framework do learners tend to grasp more quickly, and why?
PyTorch will be the easier framework to pick up, assuming you’re already familiar with Python coding. It’s just more “Pythonic” – it feels like regular Python code. It’s also easier to debug, which is important when you’re getting started. PyTorch operations execute immediately, and it integrates better with the tools you normally use for debugging Python scripts.
Tensorflow became a lot easier to use when it adopted Keras as its primary API, though. As Tensorflow remains popular for production systems, it’s not a terrible idea to just learn Tensorflow if your aim is developing software for industry use (especially if your goal is to work at Google, where Tensorflow was developed!) I still teach Tensorflow in my courses, because most of our learners are ultimately after industry work. PyTorch is popular in the research arena though, and is definitely gaining on Tensorflow in the professional world as well. If you learn one, learning the other is easier.
Q: What common challenges do learners face when starting with TensorFlow or PyTorch?
Well, if you have some good examples and tutorials to start from, I don’t think the main challenge is the syntax of either framework. It’s more about understanding how to fine tune the training of a deep neural network. There is just a lot of time-consuming experimentation involved with the topography of the network, the specific functions you choose, dropout layers, and more importantly feature engineering.
Q: How important is real-world, hands-on experience in mastering these frameworks for employability?
If your job will involve training new models from scratch, experience is essential! There is a certain intuition in how complex of a network a specific problem might need, how to avoid overfitting, and optimizing their performance. When you are dealing with large networks and large data sets, the process of tuning can become very expensive. Experience is key in making good choices early on, and iterating on them in an informed and efficient manner.
Courses by Frank Kane
PyTorch vs TensorFlow Performance in Real-World Use Cases
Both PyTorch and TensorFlow are frameworks with real-world applications. In small-scale tests, these frameworks are evenly matched. TensorFlow offers strong memory optimization, broad device compatibility (including mobile), and efficient GPU utilization—benefits of its static computation graph.
However, the performance gap between TensorFlow and PyTorch has narrowed significantly, with PyTorch now supporting features like torch.compile and graph-level optimizations that enhance speed and memory efficiency. Both frameworks are highly performant, with trade-offs that depend on the specific workload and deployment environment.
PyTorch excels in its flexibility. The framework can scale effectively, and like TensorFlow, can run on a variety of hardware and take advantage of GPU power. However, the dynamic graph model shines in environments where quick changes and debugging are required.
If the speed and hardware compatibility of TensorFlow appeal to you and you’d like to get a head start on developing deep learning applications with the framework, consider our TensorFlow Developer Course. It provides an introduction to image recognition, natural language processing, neural networks, and other TensorFlow development skills, with 62.5 hours of instructional videos and a practical project to work on for your portfolio.
When to Use PyTorch vs TensorFlow in Projects
PyTorch is widely favored in academic and research settings due to its flexibility and ease of use. Genentech used the framework as part of its cancer therapy research, helping it develop powerful, life-saving drugs.
While the flexibility and ease of debugging of PyTorch make it a popular choice for research and development, the framework is also used for commercial purposes. For example, Toyota uses PyTorch for video processing to guide autonomous vehicles.
Google developed TensorFlow 2.0 and utilizes it for its photo search and real-time translation features. Spotify uses the framework to provide personalized music recommendations, and PayPal uses it as part of its fraud detection systems.
Which Framework Is Best for Your Career Path?
If you want to work for a specific company, it’s vital to research that organization carefully and see what tools they’re working with. Learning PyTorch or TensorFlow will open doors for you in your AI/ML career, but many employers have a preference for one specific framework.
For example, if your goal is to work in academia, a research lab, or at a startup, the flexibility of PyTorch may make it the most suitable choice. PyTorch is good for experimentation and prototyping and fits well with the existing toolchain in such environments.
Enterprise employers and production teams often favor TensorFlow Extended (TFX), a production-grade ML platform for deployment, pipeline orchestration, and monitoring, because of TensorFlow’s mature toolchain, broad hardware compatibility, and strong scalability.
Of course, these choices aren’t set in stone, and both frameworks are valuable to prospective employers. Taking the time to familiarize yourself with the preferred tools in your industry will help you stand out and make an informed decision about what skills to focus on. Whichever you choose, core skills like data preprocessing, model tuning, and deployment are applicable across both frameworks, and across most ML roles.
Developing Transferable Skills Across Frameworks
Many skills you’ll learn in a Python or TensorFlow course are transferable to other frameworks. Udemy certifications in machine learning cover key concepts such as:
- Neural network architecture
- Model training and optimization
- Natural language processing
- Computer vision
- Data preprocessing and handling
- Model deployment
- Scalability
Foundational courses in data science can also be valuable, especially for career switchers who don’t have a computer science background.
Career Paths: Where PyTorch and TensorFlow Can Take You
TensorFlow and PyTorch can unlock a variety of career options.
PyTorch skills are desirable for employers looking to fill:
- AI research assistant roles in a variety of industries, including medical and pharmaceutical
- Academic or PhD-track positions at universities
- Startups focused on innovation, NLP, or computer vision systems
- Roles at open-source AI-focused organizations
With TensorFlow skills, people can work in:
- Production ML Engineer positions in a variety of industries, from finance to entertainment
- Computer vision-focused roles in engineering and automotive companies
- Android/iOS AI app development with TensorFlow Lite
- MLOps positions at enterprise organizations
- AI product management positions in enterprise environments
Adding PyTorch or TensorFlow to your CV can unlock new career options in positions with top roles offering a salary of $200,000 or more. The path to these new job opportunities begins with a TensorFlow or PyTorch course.
How Framework Mastery Supports Long-term AI/ML Career Growth
Earning a certification in a major AI/ML framework highlights your commitment to developing industry-ready skills and can unlock a variety of career opportunities. Certificates signal a level of mastery that goes beyond a single course and show employers you can apply deep learning to solve real-world problems.
If you’re interested in working as an AI researcher, a machine learning engineer, or a data scientist, getting this kind of hands-on experience is essential. Udemy courses will take you through the process of building your first TensorFlow or PyTorch project. From there, you can expand your portfolio with personal projects or contribute to open-source projects to improve your CV.
The courses offer useful examples that help you start working hands-on quickly. If you’re already in the workplace, you can apply what you’ve learned almost immediately, showing your commitment to skills development to your employer.
How to Advance After Pytorch or TensorFlow Courses and Certificates
Udemy courses in PyTorch and Tensorflow help people advance their careers in various ways. For example:
- Freelancers can develop machine learning skills through Udemy and use them to pitch AI-powered apps to their clients.
- Career switchers can add a PyTorch or TensorFlow capstone project to their portfolios, helping them land an entry-level ML job.
- Mid-career professionals looking for a fresh challenge could take a PyTorch course alongside a cloud certification to pivot into MLOps.
Today, recruiters are more interested in an applicant’s real-world skills than a degree they earned years ago. According to a LinkedIn report, 75% of recruiting professionals report skills-first hiring is on the rise[1]. Building a strong portfolio based on modern, desirable technologies is an effective way to attract the attention of recruiters. Udemy courses with practical projects are an affordable and accessible way of learning valuable new skills.
Learn PyTorch and TensorFlow With Udemy
Whether you decide to work with PyTorch or TensorFlow, you’ll find numerous practical courses in our course catalogue. Our TensorFlow and PyTorch courses and bootcamps help you get started with building your own models and provide real-world examples in areas such as natural language processing and computer vision.
[1] https://www.linkedin.com/business/talent/blog/talent-acquisition/job-posts-that-feature-skills-attract-more-applicants
